Soaring on updrafts high above California’s varied landscapes, eagles are iconic symbols of wilderness and freedom. As apex predators, these powerful raptors play critical roles in ecosystems across the state. From the rugged Pacific coastline to arid desert interior, two eagle species reign supreme in California’s skies. With wingspans over 6 feet, sharp talons and excellent vision, bald eagles and golden eagles are masters of aerial hunting. Learn about the identifying features, habitat and conservation status of these majestic birds. Whether seen perched on a cliff or diving for prey at 150 miles per hour, a glimpse of California’s eagles in flight is an unforgettable wildlife spectacle.
| Feature | Bald Eagle | Golden Eagle |
|---|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Aquila chrysaetos |
| Size | Length: 28-40 inches Wingspan: 6-7 feet | Length: 27-33 inches Wingspan: 6-7.5 feet |
| Identifying Features | White head and tail, brown body, yellow beak and feet | Golden wash on head and neck, brown plumage, yellow beak and feet |
| Habitat | Coastlines, large lakes, rivers | Grasslands, savannas, deserts, mountains |
| Diet | Mainly fish but also birds, mammals, carrion | Mammals, birds, reptiles, carrion |
| Breeding Season | February – July | January – August |
| Conservation Status | Least Concern | Least Concern |
1. Bald Eagle
The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is one of the most well-known birds of prey in North America. This powerful raptor has a historic significance as the national emblem of the United States. The bald eagle is found across most of Canada and the continental United States. In California, it’s most abundant in northern parts of the state. However, its range extends as far south as southern California and Baja California.
The bald eagle is a large bird of prey with a wingspan up to 7 feet across. Adults have a distinctive brown body and contrasting white head and tail. Their legs, eyes and large curved beak are all yellow. Immature bald eagles are mostly dark brown, gradually getting more white mottling as they mature over 4-5 years.
These eagles are skilled hunters that mainly eat fish and carrion. In California, common prey includes salmon, herring, bass and catfish. They also opportunistically scavenge dead mammals or steal food from other predators. Bald eagles usually hunt while soaring or perching on a vantage point. They snatch prey in their strong talons or wade into shallow water to grab food in their beak.
Bald eagles build massive nests high up in large trees or on cliffs. Their nests are made of sticks, grass and moss. They may be up to 10 feet deep and 8 feet wide after repeated use over many years. In California, breeding season runs from February through July. Females lay 1-3 eggs that incubate for about 35 days. Eaglets fledge at 10-12 weeks old. Bald eagles mate for life and use the same nest territory year after year.
Since the banning of DDT and conservation efforts in the 1970s, bald eagle populations have rebounded. They were even delisted from the Endangered Species Act in 2007. However, habitat loss remains a threat. Bald eagles are still uncommon in many parts of their historical range. In California, bald eagles mainly occur in mountainous habitats near reservoirs, lakes and rivers.
Some key places to spot bald eagles in California include the Klamath Basin, Big Bear Lake, Lake Almanor, Shasta Lake and Lake Natoma. The highest density of wintering bald eagles is found along the Pacific coast from Sonoma to Big Sur. Hundreds congregate along salmon runs and mountain lakes. The largest breeding population occurs around Lake Shasta in northern California.
The bald eagle was adopted as the national symbol of the United States in 1782. It represents values like strength, freedom and independence. This species is a conservation success story in North America. Seeing a bald eagle in flight is an unforgettable wildlife viewing experience. With its striking white head and tail, this majestic raptor is easy to identify.
Key tips for observing bald eagles include using binoculars or spotting scopes to scan treetops and shores. Prime viewing hours are early morning and late afternoon when eagles are most actively hunting. And be sure not to disturb active nests during breeding season. With some luck and patience, you’ll be rewarded with a remarkable view of America’s national bird.
2. Golden Eagle
The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is North America’s largest predatory bird. In flight, these powerful raptors are a breathtaking sight with wingspans over 6 feet across. While less numerous than bald eagles, golden eagles have an expansive range across California.
Adult golden eagles have striking brown plumage accented by a golden wash on the back of their head and neck. Their namesake gleaming coloration is most visible when sunlight hits at the right angle. Juveniles start out mostly dark before gaining more gold as they mature. These large raptors sport vibrant yellow eyes, feet and a stout yellow beak ideal for tearing flesh.
Golden eagles use their agility, razor-sharp talons and incredible speed to hunt small mammals and birds. When diving at prey, they can reach speeds over 150 miles per hour. In California, jackrabbits are a frequent food source. They also prey on ground squirrels, marmots and grouse. Nestlings eat mainly hares, squirrels and young ungulates.
These aerial masters utilize updrafts and thermals to soar great distances while hunting. Golden eagles need expansive open territory and are thus sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation. They mate for life and build sturdy nests on cliffs or tall trees. Breeding season in California runs from January through August.
Golden eagles occur year-round across most of California’s arid habitats. They frequent grasslands, chaparral, sagebrush flats and oak savannas from coastal hills to over 13,000 feet elevation in the Sierra Nevada. Oak woodlands scattered with grassy openings provide ideal habitat.
Central and southern California support the highest density of breeding golden eagles due to less precipitation and human disturbance. They are currently believed to have a stable population, thanks in part to protections under state and federal law.
Seeing a golden eagle up close is a rewarding experience. Look for these majestic raptors soaring overhead or perched on poles, rocks or cliff edges as they survey the landscape for prey. They are best identified by their large size, golden wash on their head/neck, and bright yellow beak and feet.
Golden eagles in California face threats from habitat degradation, wind turbines and lead poisoning from scavenging game carcasses with lead shot. But conservation efforts aimed at increasing prey like jackrabbits will help ensure these iconic raptors continue gliding over California skies. Their aerial mastery and sheer power never cease to impress.
